Check out other books by Al Sweigart, free online or available for purchase:
...and other books as well! Or register for the online video course. You can also donate to support the author directly.
Gabriele Cirulli, a web developer, invented the game 2048 in one weekend. It was inspired by Veewo Studios’ 1024 game, which in turn was inspired by Threes!, a game by the development team Sirvo. In 2048, you must merge numbers on a 4 × 4 board to clear them from the screen. Two 2s merge into a 4, two 4s merge into an 8, and so on. The game adds a new 2 to the board on each merging. The objective is to reach 2048 before the entire board fills up.
When you run twentyfortyeight.py, the output will look like this:
Twenty Forty-Eight, by Al Sweigart [email protected]
--snip--
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| | | | |
| | | 2 | 16 |
| | | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| | | | |
| | 16 | 4 | 2 |
| | | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| | | | |
| 2 | | 4 | 32 |
| | | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| | | | |
| | | | 2 |
| | | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Score: 80
Enter move: (WASD or Q to quit)
--snip--This program implements its sliding behavior using “column” data structures, represented by lists of four strings: BLANK (a single-space string), '2', '4', '8', and so on. The first value in this list represents the bottom of the column, while the last represents the top. Numbers that combine in a column always slide downward, whether the player slides the tiles up, down, left, or right. Think of it as gravity pulling the tiles in these directions. For example, Figure 79-1 shows a board with tiles sliding to the right. We’ll create four lists to represent the columns:
['2', '4', '8', ' '][' ', ' ', ' ', '4'][' ', ' ', ' ', '2'][' ', ' ', ' ', ' ']The combineTilesInColumn() function accepts one column list and returns another, with the matching numbers combined and shifted toward the bottom. The code that calls combineTilesInColumn() handles creating the column lists in the appropriate direction and updating the game board with the returned list.
Figure 79-1: Columns (highlighted) when a game board is sliding to the right
1. """Twenty Forty-Eight, by Al Sweigart [email protected]
2. A sliding tile game to combine exponentially-increasing numbers.
3. Inspired by Gabriele Cirulli's 2048, which is a clone of Veewo Studios'
4. 1024, which in turn is a clone of the Threes! game.
5. More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2048_(video_game)
6. View this code at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-projects
7. Tags: large, game, puzzle"""
8.
9. import random, sys
10.
11. # Set up the constants:
12. BLANK = '' # A value that represents a blank space on the board.
13.
14.
15. def main():
16. print('''Twenty Forty-Eight, by Al Sweigart [email protected]
17.
18. Slide all the tiles on the board in one of four directions. Tiles with
19. like numbers will combine into larger-numbered tiles. A new 2 tile is
20. added to the board on each move. You win if you can create a 2048 tile.
21. You lose if the board fills up the tiles before then.''')
22. input('Press Enter to begin...')
23.
24. gameBoard = getNewBoard()
25.
26. while True: # Main game loop.
27. drawBoard(gameBoard)
28. print('Score:', getScore(gameBoard))
29. playerMove = askForPlayerMove()
30. gameBoard = makeMove(gameBoard, playerMove)
31. addTwoToBoard(gameBoard)
32.
33. if isFull(gameBoard):
34. drawBoard(gameBoard)
35. print('Game Over - Thanks for playing!')
36. sys.exit()
37.
38.
39. def getNewBoard():
40. """Returns a new data structure that represents a board.
41.
42. It's a dictionary with keys of (x, y) tuples and values of the tile
43. at that space. The tile is either a power-of-two integer or BLANK.
44. The coordinates are laid out as:
45. X0 1 2 3
46. Y+-+-+-+-+
47. 0| | | | |
48. +-+-+-+-+
49. 1| | | | |
50. +-+-+-+-+
51. 2| | | | |
52. +-+-+-+-+
53. 3| | | | |
54. +-+-+-+-+"""
55.
56. newBoard = {} # Contains the board data structure to be returned.
57. # Loop over every possible space and set all the tiles to blank:
58. for x in range(4):
59. for y in range(4):
60. newBoard[(x, y)] = BLANK
61.
62. # Pick two random spaces for the two starting 2s:
63. startingTwosPlaced = 0 # The number of starting spaces picked.
64. while startingTwosPlaced < 2: # Repeat for duplicate spaces.
65. randomSpace = (random.randint(0, 3), random.randint(0, 3))
66. # Make sure the randomly selected space isn't already taken:
67. if newBoard[randomSpace] == BLANK:
68. newBoard[randomSpace] = 2
69. startingTwosPlaced = startingTwosPlaced + 1
70.
71. return newBoard
72.
73.
74. def drawBoard(board):
75. """Draws the board data structure on the screen."""
76.
77. # Go through each possible space left to right, top to bottom, and
78. # create a list of what each space's label should be.
79. labels = [] # A list of strings for the number/blank for that tile.
80. for y in range(4):
81. for x in range(4):
82. tile = board[(x, y)] # Get the tile at this space.
83. # Make sure the label is 5 spaces long:
84. labelForThisTile = str(tile).center(5)
85. labels.append(labelForThisTile)
86.
87. # The {} are replaced with the label for that tile:
88. print("""
89. +-----+-----+-----+-----+
90. | | | | |
91. |{}|{}|{}|{}|
92. | | | | |
93. +-----+-----+-----+-----+
94. | | | | |
95. |{}|{}|{}|{}|
96. | | | | |
97. +-----+-----+-----+-----+
98. | | | | |
99. |{}|{}|{}|{}|
100. | | | | |
101. +-----+-----+-----+-----+
102. | | | | |
103. |{}|{}|{}|{}|
104. | | | | |
105. +-----+-----+-----+-----+
106. """.format(*labels))
107.
108.
109. def getScore(board):
110. """Returns the sum of all the tiles on the board data structure."""
111. score = 0
112. # Loop over every space and add the tile to the score:
113. for x in range(4):
114. for y in range(4):
115. # Only add non-blank tiles to the score:
116. if board[(x, y)] != BLANK:
117. score = score + board[(x, y)]
118. return score
119.
120.
121. def combineTilesInColumn(column):
122. """The column is a list of four tile. Index 0 is the "bottom" of
123. the column, and tiles are pulled "down" and combine if they are the
124. same. For example, combineTilesInColumn([2, BLANK, 2, BLANK])
125. returns [4, BLANK, BLANK, BLANK]."""
126.
127. # Copy only the numbers (not blanks) from column to combinedTiles
128. combinedTiles = [] # A list of the non-blank tiles in column.
129. for i in range(4):
130. if column[i] != BLANK:
131. combinedTiles.append(column[i])
132.
133. # Keep adding blanks until there are 4 tiles:
134. while len(combinedTiles) < 4:
135. combinedTiles.append(BLANK)
136.
137. # Combine numbers if the one "above" it is the same, and double it.
138. for i in range(3): # Skip index 3: it's the topmost space.
139. if combinedTiles[i] == combinedTiles[i + 1]:
140. combinedTiles[i] *= 2 # Double the number in the tile.
141. # Move the tiles above it down one space:
142. for aboveIndex in range(i + 1, 3):
143. combinedTiles[aboveIndex] = combinedTiles[aboveIndex + 1]
144. combinedTiles[3] = BLANK # Topmost space is always BLANK.
145. return combinedTiles
146.
147.
148. def makeMove(board, move):
149. """Carries out the move on the board.
150.
151. The move argument is either 'W', 'A', 'S', or 'D' and the function
152. returns the resulting board data structure."""
153.
154. # The board is split up into four columns, which are different
155. # depending on the direction of the move:
156. if move == 'W':
157. allColumnsSpaces = [[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3)],
158. [(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)],
159. [(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)],
160. [(3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]]
161. elif move == 'A':
162. allColumnsSpaces = [[(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0)],
163. [(0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1)],
164. [(0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2)],
165. [(0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)]]
166. elif move == 'S':
167. allColumnsSpaces = [[(0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)],
168. [(1, 3), (1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 0)],
169. [(2, 3), (2, 2), (2, 1), (2, 0)],
170. [(3, 3), (3, 2), (3, 1), (3, 0)]]
171. elif move == 'D':
172. allColumnsSpaces = [[(3, 0), (2, 0), (1, 0), (0, 0)],
173. [(3, 1), (2, 1), (1, 1), (0, 1)],
174. [(3, 2), (2, 2), (1, 2), (0, 2)],
175. [(3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 3), (0, 3)]]
176.
177. # The board data structure after making the move:
178. boardAfterMove = {}
179. for columnSpaces in allColumnsSpaces: # Loop over all 4 columns.
180. # Get the tiles of this column (The first tile is the "bottom"
181. # of the column):
182. firstTileSpace = columnSpaces[0]
183. secondTileSpace = columnSpaces[1]
184. thirdTileSpace = columnSpaces[2]
185. fourthTileSpace = columnSpaces[3]
186.
187. firstTile = board[firstTileSpace]
188. secondTile = board[secondTileSpace]
189. thirdTile = board[thirdTileSpace]
190. fourthTile = board[fourthTileSpace]
191.
192. # Form the column and combine the tiles in it:
193. column = [firstTile, secondTile, thirdTile, fourthTile]
194. combinedTilesColumn = combineTilesInColumn(column)
195.
196. # Set up the new board data structure with the combined tiles:
197. boardAfterMove[firstTileSpace] = combinedTilesColumn[0]
198. boardAfterMove[secondTileSpace] = combinedTilesColumn[1]
199. boardAfterMove[thirdTileSpace] = combinedTilesColumn[2]
200. boardAfterMove[fourthTileSpace] = combinedTilesColumn[3]
201.
202. return boardAfterMove
203.
204.
205. def askForPlayerMove():
206. """Asks the player for the direction of their next move (or quit).
207.
208. Ensures they enter a valid move: either 'W', 'A', 'S' or 'D'."""
209. print('Enter move: (WASD or Q to quit)')
210. while True: # Keep looping until they enter a valid move.
211. move = input('> ').upper()
212. if move == 'Q':
213. # End the program:
214. print('Thanks for playing!')
215. sys.exit()
216.
217. # Either return the valid move, or loop back and ask again:
218. if move in ('W', 'A', 'S', 'D'):
219. return move
220. else:
221. print('Enter one of "W", "A", "S", "D", or "Q".')
222.
223.
224. def addTwoToBoard(board):
225. """Adds a new 2 tile randomly to the board."""
226. while True:
227. randomSpace = (random.randint(0, 3), random.randint(0, 3))
228. if board[randomSpace] == BLANK:
229. board[randomSpace] = 2
230. return # Return after finding one non-blank tile.
231.
232.
233. def isFull(board):
234. """Returns True if the board data structure has no blanks."""
235. # Loop over every space on the board:
236. for x in range(4):
237. for y in range(4):
238. # If a space is blank, return False:
239. if board[(x, y)] == BLANK:
240. return False
241. return True # No space is blank, so return True.
242.
243.
244. # If this program was run (instead of imported), run the game:
245. if __name__ == '__main__':
246. try:
247. main()
248. except KeyboardInterrupt:
249. sys.exit() # When Ctrl-C is pressed, end the program.Try to find the answers to the following questions. Experiment with some modifications to the code and rerun the program to see what effect the changes have.
return score on line 118 to return 9999?board[randomSpace] = 2 on line 229 to board[randomSpace] = 256?